Category Archives: Philosophy

On display – the masterclass

During my professional career I have never been told how to make good graphics although extracting essential information from datasets is an advanced (and necessary skill). Fortunately, however, there are some excellent books that cover graphical display. The first one I came across was Michael J Campbell and David Machins’ “Medical Statistics – A commonsense approach” (see pages 44ff and 58 for “increasing data ink”) that gives a lot of useful advices how to improve figures. The next book that I found influential was Bill Cleveland’s 1993 book “Visualizing Data” who introduced into R and S multidimensional lattice graphics (also covered 2005 in “R Graphics” of Paul Murrell published by Chapman & Hall/CRC). I used this technique extensively in my 2005 PLoS paper on the worldwide distribution of allergy. At the moment I am reading the new book “Graphics of large datasets” by Antony Unwin, Martin Theus, Heike Hofmann which seems to be finally the masterclass of displaying data. Yea, yea.

Addendum 1

An examples how to improve a barchart (yes – I resisted to start with a 3D barchart but the cluttering colors and grids are hopefully good to see).

demo.gif

Addendum 2

A new Nature Nascent entry: “The way we present genomic and proteomic data on the web sucks

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

Foucault pendulum

I visited the Deutsche Museum yesterday, where one of best attractions is the Foucault pendulum a 30 kg weight at a 60 m rope (the original at the Panthéon was 67 meter long and weights 28 kg). We could see, that the pendulum swings on a an elliptic course, hitting the conses always from the back. As we were told, the deviation of the pendulum is a function of latitude. The horizontal axis is the latitude from 90 degrees to 0 degrees latitude. The vertical axis shows the rate of precession in degrees per hour; positive for clockwise precession, negative for counterclockwise precession (the Coriolis effect seems to have a minor role). I wondered what might be the reason for the spin or chirality seen so often in nature. Most DNA has a right-hand screw (nevertheless there are hundreds of images on the net and many scientific papers) that show left-handed DNAs). Yea, yea.

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

Ethnographic studies at Oktoberfest

Having many years of experience with ethnographic studies at Oktoberfest München, I am fascinated by a new Cell paper that shows distinct behavioral responses to ethanol. This is something that I alread assumed (although I did not known about this particular RhoGAP18B isoform only about ADH deficiency). Will the knowledge of more and more mutations in the lifestyle area raise ethical problems? Yea, yea.

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

False Memory

The German magazine Spiegel has a nice paper about the false memory debate and the “implanted” memory of events that never happened. They cite Hans Markowitsch from Bielefeld that the autobiographical memory is not very good in recalling past events, being much much more adapted to orientation of current and future events. Has anyone examined blogs and if their content can be recalled by the author? Nai, nai.

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

Once again genetic testing

I have argued earlier that the free decision of an individual to allow genetic testing, will also reveal data on genetic relatives that have never consented to that procedure.
A new review by Bruce Weir now confirms that “it is reasonably straightforward to find the probability of the genotypes of individuals when their relationship is known…” My current work lets me also assume that with 500,000 SNP data at hand, much individual characteristics of the donor can be reconstructed – there are no anonymous DNAs datasets as some people still believe.
I even fear that genetic testing will increase for example in “homeless” (in vitro fertilized) individuals as these people will want to prevent sibling marriage – see for example the a-China DNA project. Other people may be curious about their genealogy, others about drug side effect prediction, lifestyle, assurance questions…
With every new dataset, available datasets will gradually decrease their anonymity level. I fear that anonymity is not so much a dichotomous property, it is much more a likelihood ratio to stay unknown under the probability to be known. Yea, yea.

Addendum

Time online of Dec 17, 2006 reports that the British police is holding the DNA records of more than 1m innocent people — eight times more than ministers have previously admitted. I wonder if this will affect participation rate of the UK Biobank that targets health of lifestyle, environment and genes in 500,000 people.

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

Sleep well

Just came to my attention that there is research of sleep related genes, the usual stuff of protein kinases, dopaminergic receptor, and serotonine transporter. Also this research community seem to have the common difficulty of the complex disease gene mappers – to understand a phenomenon (not a trait) as systemic function, an intrinsic property of a multicellular and multiwired brain, yea, yea.

Addendum

More strange phenotypes orgasm frequency, pain, human memory performance.

Addendum

Read also the what-we-could-have-learned-from-linkage-studies.

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

Science projects, glue projects

Reading about science projects, glue projects and platform projects, all with minority, gender, public communication and ethics modules while including large administrative overheads, travel and meeting costs, I even wonder how much money is finally going to real research – careful experimentation and thoughtful interpretation. Some people seem to spend more time on creating logos than in study design, yea, yea.

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

Do not run after a cart that will not take you

Starting with another African proverb, here are some thoughts about evolution, design and the difference of chimps and humans. Yes, I am biased, I know.

I have learned that there are mainly three differences between chimps and human – the ability to run, a larger brain size and the language/speech capability. The only trait that can directly observed is the ability to run (check Munich marathon: Neither brain size and language can be directly observed :-) BTW, I renember having seen a family that walk on feet and hands – quadrupedal locomotion is a recessive trait linked to chromosome 17p, the way we all start our lifes).

So genetics is playing a big role in the human < -> ape differentiation. Or did the differentation select the genes?

You will understand my great expectations when now reading one of the first serious papers about the chimp and the human lineage. It is about pseudogenization, the gene loss during separation of species. The authors show 80 non-processed pseudogenes inactivated in the human lineage – while gently negelecting the fact of another 7868 or so pseudogenes in the human pseudogene database.

There is also nothing about my favorite trait bipedalism (only a ridiculous quote of pseudogenization of the sarcomeric myosin gene MYH16 that should relate to hominin masticatory muscles that “may have allowed the brain size expansion”, uhhh. It is also hard to understand how gain of ability should be caused by loss of gene function, yea, yea.

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

Are randomized clinical trials gold standard?

A new paper in the Deutsche Ärzteblatt argues that there should be alternatives to RCTs. The reasons are manifold

  • selection bias towards more severely ill patients
  • selection towards too homogeneous samples
  • patients may decline participation
  • physician may decline participation
  • bias towards larger cities and universities
  • usually “hard” endpoints that ignore quality of life, compliance, side effects
  • usually only short time studies
  • protocol may deviate from daily practice in medical routine

Community-based studies may therefore not be as bad, yea, yea.

Addendum

An extended and reworked version of this blog can be found in issue 45 of the “Deutsche Ärzteblatt“, page A3019, 10th November 2006.

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

Alternative Impact Factors

There is no need to say that impact factors have largely failed to measure scientific value – even within selected groups (look for the Wikipedia article).

But are there any alternatives to ISI-Thompson? I haven’t found so many, the Hirsch factor, Google Scholar page rank, or Elseviers Scopus. Of course download figures of open access journals help to define popularity. But is this impact?

The latest development are citation management systems like CiteULike or Connotea that require to make all your readings public. Maybe its true what 80-year-old Garfield wrote in the BMJ: “there is no substitute for judgement, quality, and relevance. Impact and other citation measures merely report facts.” So blogs are even more important, yea, yea.

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

Bereshit bara Elohim et hashamayim ve’et ha’arets…

The genesis – the common book of Jewish and Christian faith – reports the begining of the world. Interestingly , the creation of living things include also genes in the same instance: “1.11 let the earth spawn grass and leaves that make seeds…” We have been told that reverse genetics may not be used any more. Whats about forward genetics? Yea, yea.

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

Avalanche – backstage story

-moblog- The next Lancet will publish my editorial on the b2AR and asthma association – “Has all been said?” This is to honour my favorite comedian Karl Valentin “It has all been said – but not by everybody”.

I have to confess that I wanted a completely different title “Search and rescue after the avalanche” where I described the tedious work to find all buried corpses under tons of snow – in analogy for the many genetic association studies – fearing already the next avalanche of genomewide SNP scans. Renember – very dangerous – steep 45o slopes, North West and new snow. Yea, yea.

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

See no evil, hear no evil, …

See no evil, hear no evil, do not evil: The lessons of immune privilege” is the title of an excellent paper by Jerry Niederkorn in nature immunology. He basically says that there are only 3 human organs that allow foreign tissue grafts: eye, brain and pregnant uterus. If we leave the special situation of the uterus aside, and see the yes as an extension of the brain – there is only the brain that is no attcked by the immune self. Being still under influence of the Popper/Eccles discussion of the brain and its self , here is my back on the envelope picture of social self < -> immune self < -> conscious mind. Yea, yea.

 envelope.png

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025

The single asthma gene

-moblog- A new nature medicine paper describes a deficient induction of interferon beta (gene is on chr 9) and interferon lambda (gene is on chr 19). The author concludes that genetic polymorphisms are an unlikely cause as genes are on different chromosomes. What a misunderstanding – does the author really believe in a single asthma gene? Yea, yea.

 

CC-BY-NC Science Surf accessed 23.11.2025