It's basically the same scene – backoffice journalists are fact checking reports. OSINT experts are verifying satellite and ground images. Science sleuths reanalyze numbers and tables in scientific publications. The stakes are high as integrity investigators are the last resort, the papers have passed already all quality checks at journals. It is a bit like the old "sub umbra dei" saying, there is only god behind them. And there is no room for error.
In the science integrity scene there are many mavericks or let's say colorful people. Most come from inside academia, starting or ending a career there. Some are from far outside it, and their motives are ranging from methodological curiosity, financial gain to personal grievance. What holds the field together is therefore not a shared background but a shared refusal to accept a published claim on authority of a journal alone. That heterogeneity is a strength for detection but also a weakness for credibility, because any single overreaching claim by one investigator is readily used to discredit the rest as "Pubpeer Mob". Again the stakes are high: A minor error in a published paper costs the author a correction. An unfounded allegation can cost a career, and it costs the field its licence to speak out. That asymmetry sets the working rules. There are no ten commandments but there are some working rules.
Methodological rigour comes first: every claim must be stated so that a third party can check it against the same source material and arrive at the same result. Image duplications get exact border coordinates, statistical objections need the extracted values on which a test was run. An eyeballed duplication anomaly is not a finding per se. Distribution checks only carry weight when the reported summary statistics, rounding conventions and sample sizes are documented well enough for someone else to replicate them. Replication is key not only for original work but also for post publication review.
Relevance is also a filter as much as rigour is. Typographical slips, reference-list errors, image panel mix up and stylistic issues dilute the serious concerns and shift the discussion from the science to the tone of the critic. These errors are annoying of course and do not add to the credibility of authors. But what really matters is whether a defect could change the value of a report and its conclusions: fabricated or duplicated data, misinterpreted assays and conditions, results incompatible with the stated design, analyses that cannot have produced the reported numbers, undisclosed conflicts that are directly related on interpretation. These are the high scores not the 1,800 issues produced by some automated software tool.
Everything else stays out. Statements about what the authors intended, whether they are competent, or what a pattern of errors implies about them are not verifiable. Even subtle threats are inappropriate; jokes and sarcastic comments are not wanted, I have learned that in the past. The finding that some numbers do not reconcile, that images have been used before, that the trial registration postdates the enrollment: this is the relevant stuff. Whether this arose from fraud, sloppiness, wrong antibody batch or software error is for the institution or editorial staff to verify, not for the sleuth writing the comment. Only journals, institutions or courts can ask questions that must be answered; the sleuth can document, but cannot compel a response. Usually he never gets access to raw data, neither can he interview a senior coauthor or a president which remains in the domain of journalists.
That limitation is worth holding on up, because it defines what a post-publication review can honestly claim: the published record, as it stands, does not add up. It can classify the level of the integrity violation but not claim to know why an issue occured. Fervour is the occupational hazard of the integrity field that is damaging: the investigator who is right about 99 findings and overstates the hundredth hands every previously criticised author a reason to dismiss the rest.
Restraint is not politeness, it is the condition under which the work retains its force.




